高考英语复习-独立主格非谓语动词虚拟语气

　 高考英语复习- - 独立主格非谓语动词虚拟语气

　用法及动词形式

　1 1 、表示与现在事实相反的情况：

　从句：f If 主语+ + 过去时e (Be 动词用 were) 主句：

　主语+should/would/could/might+do eg：

　1．If I were you,I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）

　2．If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道）

　3．If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水) 4．If I had any money with me,I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没有带钱）

　5．If he studied harder,he might pass the exam. 如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：没有努力）

　6．she looked at me as if I had been a stranger. 她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。（事实：我并非陌生人）

　 2 2 、表示与过去事实相反的情况 从句：f If 主语 +had+done 主句：

　主语 +should/would/could/might+have done eg：

　1． If I had got there earlier,I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。

　（事实：去晚了）

　2．If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。

　（事实：没有听我的话）

　3 3 、表示对将来情况的主观推测

　 从句：① if+ 主语o +were to do 主句：① 主语+should/would/could/might+do ①if+主语+did/were ②主语+should/would/could/might+do ① if+ 主语+should+do ① 主语 +should/would/could/might+do eg：

　1．If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him. 如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小）

　2．If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：下雪可能性很小）

　3．If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。（事实：来的可能性很小）

　4 4 、

　有时， 虚拟条件句 中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的

　 调整。

　这种条件句叫错综条件句 。

　① 从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。

　eg：

　If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了 If they had informed us,we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。

　① 从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。

　如：

　If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。

　If he knew her,he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。

　5 5 、

　当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有 were,should,had时，f if 可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把d were,should,had 等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。eg：

　Should he agree to go there,we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。

　Were she here,she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。

　Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here. 如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。

　6 6 、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗

　 含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中 ，如 如 without… ， but for… 等

　 eg：

　But for his help,we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。

　Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。

　We didn"t know his telephone number,otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。

　7 7 、

　有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。

　②省略从句 He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。

　You could have passed this exam. 你本能通过这次考试的。

　②省略主句 If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。

　If only I had got it. 要是只有我得到它了该多好啊。

　8. 注意，在虚拟语气的从句中，动词 e be 的过去时态一律用 were ，不用was 。

　eg：If I were you,I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。

　独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。

　用作时间状语

　The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。

　用作条件状语

　Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。

　用作原因状语

　An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。

　用作伴随状语

　He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。

　表示补充说明

　 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two . 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。

　*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。

　形式

　1> 一般独立主格形式: : 与主句逻辑关系松散

　形式为: n. + -ed/-ing 形式; n. + 不定式 ; n. + 介词短语; n. + 形容词; n. + 副词 ;

　名词/ / 主格代词+ + 现在分词

　名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。

　如：

　The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn"t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。

　Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。

　名词/ / 主格代词+ + 过去分词

　名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。

　如：

　The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的

　 解决，质量已经提高了。

　Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn"t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。

　名词/ / 主格代词+ + 不定式

　名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。

　如：

　He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help . 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。

　They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore . 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。

　名词/ / 主格代词+ + 形容词

　如：

　An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive . 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。

　So many people absent , the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。

　名词/ / 主格代词+ + 副词

　如：

　He put on his sweater , wrong side out . 他把毛衣穿反了。

　The meeting over , they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。

　 名词/ / 主格代词+ + 介词短语

　如：

　The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand . 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。

　Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door . 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。

　2>with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密 形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing 形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. + 介词短语 3>each 引导的强调型独立主格:强调句尾的复数名词 形式为:句子 + 复数名词结尾 , each + 介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing 形式/-ed 形式 如: Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company"s basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive .（题源:《GMAT 语法全解》白勇著，Page38）

　4>其他形式

　There being + 名词（代词）

　如：

　There being nothing else to do , we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。

　There being no further business , I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。

　It being + 名词（代词）

　如：

　It being Christmas , the government offices

　 were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。

　It being a holiday , all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。

　特点

　1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

　2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。

　3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

　举例：

　The test finished , we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。

　The president assassinated , the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

　Weather permitting , we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。

　This done , we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。

　The meeting gone over , everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。

　He came into the room, his ears red with cold . 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。

　He came out of the library, a large book under his arm . 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词 with 。

　 如：

　Don’t sleep with the windows open.别开着窗睡觉。

　He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.

　他和衣躺在床上。

　She came in with a book in her hand.

　她手里拿着一本书走了进来。

　He fell asleep with the lamp burning.

　他没熄灯就睡着了。

　I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.

　因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。

　He sat there with his eyes closed.

　他闭目坐在那儿。

　All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。

　I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.

　要洗这些衣服，我无法出门了。

　特殊

　当独立主格与主句主语不同时可有：eg: We walking through the garden,the flowers are beautiful.

　非谓语动词：包括不定式，不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。

　动名词：

　动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。

　 一般式 （谓语动词同doing being done

　 时发生）

　完成式 （谓语动词发生之前）

　having done having been done

　动名词的形式：Ving 否定式：not + 动名词